Study of Lathe engine operation.

 

Experiment Name : Study of lathe engine operation.

Theory: A lathe is a machine that shapes pieces of material. Usually the material being melded is wood or metal, and is referred to as the "work." The most common lathes are woodworking ones. The wood sits between two parts of the lathe called the headstock and the tailstock. The two parts hold the work in place and spin it quickly. When using wooden lathes the pieces are shaped by hand with a chisel, while lathes that shape other materials, such as metal, have chisels attached to an adjustable carriage that holds the cutting tools in contact with the spinning metal. The carriage is controlled remotely by the operator. Lathes can come in a variety of sizes. The smaller bench top versions are usually affordable for the amateur and home builder, while the heavy-duty, full-size models that are designed for professionals are much more expensive. All of the lathes have a motor that spins the wood through the headstock, the tool rest, and an adjustable tailstock. Lathes differ in the length of material they can hold, what materials they can cut, how powerful the motor is, the diameter of the material that will fit, and the type of mechanism that spins the work.

Objective of the experiment:

1) To learn about different types of lathe engine operation.

2) To write a report according to this experiment.

Types of Lathe Operation :

1) Turning.

2) Facing.

3) Drilling.

Turning: A machining process in which a single-point tool remove material from the surface of a rotating work piece.

Types of turning operation:

1) Taper turning

2) Contour turning

3) Form turning

Facing : This is usually the first step of any lathe operation on the lathe machine. The metal is cut from the end to make it fit in the right angle of the axis and remove the marks.

Drilling: Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi point.

Conclusion: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Study on Lathe Engine.

 

Experiment Name: Study on Lathe Engine.

Theory:

 A lathe is a machine that shapes pieces of material. Usually the material being melded is wood or metal, and is referred to as the "work." The most common lathes are woodworking ones. The wood sits between two parts of the lathe called the headstock and the tailstock. The two parts hold the work in place and spin it quickly. When using wooden lathes the pieces are shaped by hand with a chisel, while lathes that shape other materials, such as metal, have chisels attached to an adjustable carriage that holds the cutting tools in contact with the spinning metal. The carriage is controlled remotely by the operator. Lathes can come in a variety of sizes. The smaller bench top versions are usually affordable for the amateur and home builder, while the heavy-duty, full-size models that are designed for professionals are much more expensive. All of the lathes have a motor that spins the wood through the headstock, the tool rest, and an adjustable tailstock. Lathes differ in the length of material they can hold, what materials they can cut, how powerful the motor is, the diameter of the material that will fit, and the type of mechanism that spins the work.

Objective:

1) To learn about different component of lathe engine.

2) To learn about its importance.

Component o lathe engine:

·         Carriage.

·         Head Stock

·         Headstock Spindle

·         Bed Saddle

·         Apron

·         Compound side rest.

·         Back gear.

·         Lead Screw.

Parts of lathe machine:

Carriage :

The lathe carriage serves the purpose of supporting, guiding and feeding the tool against the job during the operation of the lathe. The carriage will present between head stock and tail stock which will slides on the bed ways of the lathe bed. The carriage will give feed to the tool and it holds the tool, for taper turning the feed is cross feed, for turning it is longitudinal feed. The carriage consists of the following parts.

1. saddle.

2. cross-slide.

3. compound Rest.

4. Tool post.

5. Apron.

Saddle: It is the part of the carriage which slides along the bed way and support the Cross-slide, compound rest and Tool post.

Cross-slide: The cross-slide function is to provide cutting action to the tool and the action of cutting tool will be perpendicular to centre line of lathe. It can either be operated by hand, by means of the cross-feed screw, or may be given power feed through the Apron Mechanism.

Compound Rest : The compound Rest will be placed over the cross slide and it consists of a graduated circular base which is having swivelling nature.

Tool post: It is the top most part of the carriage and is used for holding the tool or tool holder in position.

Apron: Apron houses the feed mechanism, clutch mechanism split half nut, gears, leavers, The apron wheel can be rotated by hand for longitudinal motion of the carriage.

Bed :  The bed of Lathe acts as the base on which the different fixed and operations parts of the Lathe are mounted. Lathe beds are usually made as single piece casting of semi-steel with the addition of small quantity of steel scrap to the cast iron during melting; the material ‘cast iron’ facilitating an easy sliding action. In case of extremely large machines, the bed may be in two or more pieces, bolted together to from the desired length. Lathe Bed are heavy rigid structure which is having high damping capacity for the vibrations generated by machines during machining. The rigid structure will helps to avoid deflections. The guides and ways which are present on the top of the bed will act as rails and supports other parts like tail stock. The bed will be designed in such a way that easily bolted to the floor of the machine shop.

Tail Stock:

It is also sometimes called the LOOSE HEAD- STOCK or PUPPET HEAD. It is mounted on the bed of the lathe such that it is capable of sliding along the latter maintaining its alignment with the head stock. On common types of medium size or small size lathes it is moved along the bed by hand, whereas in heavier types of lathes it is moved by means of a hand wheel through a pinion which meshes with the rack provided on the front of the lathe bed. The main function of the Tail stock is to provide bearing and support to the job which is being worked between centre. To enable this, the tail stock is made to possess a number of parts which collectively help in its successful function.

Head stock:

The head stock is the part of the lathe which serves as a housing for the driving pulleys and back gears, provides bearing for the machine spindle and keeps the latter in alignment with the bed. It is a fixed part which will present on the left side of the lathe bed. Head stock will consists of a hollow spindle and drives unit like main spindle, feed reverse lever, live centre cone pulley etc., The tapered bar with pointed or projected end is going to grip the work piece between two centres of lathe bed. 

Conclusion:>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Study of hand tools.

 

Experiment name: Study of hand tools.

Objective:

1) To know about different types of hand tools used in manufacturing engineering.

2) To know their application and application process.

3) To know the difference between multi point and single point cutting tool.

4) To write a report according to this experiment.

Equipment:

Hand drill machine.

boring tool.

lathe tool.

hand grinding machine.

vice.

hacksaw tool

tap.

Theory:             

Drill: A drill is a tool fitted with a cutting tool  attachment or driving tool attachment, usually a drill bit or driver bit, used for boring holes in various materials or fastening various materials together with the use of fasteners. the attachment is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill  and rotated wheel pressed against the target.

Types of hand drill.

I) Bow drill,

II) Braee and bit.

III) Gimlet.

IV) Hand drill.

V) Pin chuck a small hand-held drill.

Boring tool: In machining, boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled.

Reamer: A reamer is a type of rotary cutting tool used in metal working precision reamers are designed to enlarge the size of a previously formed hole by a small amount but with a degree of accuracy to leave smooth sides, The process of enlarging the hole is called reaming.

Lathe tool: Lathe tool is one type of tool used to smooth the surface of material using lathe machine.

Hand grinding machine: It's a one type of electric powered tool.  used to cutting the material also we can use it to smoothen the surface.  It contain changeable multipoint cutting blade

Vice : One type of key to open and close different component used in lathe machine.

Hacksaw: A hacksaw is a fine tooth hand saw with a blade held under tension in a frame. used for cutting materials such as metals or plastics. hand-held hacksaw consist of a metal arc with a handle.

usually a pistol  grip, with pins for attaching a narrow disposable blade.

Conclusion: By doing this experiment we have learn about different types of tools in manufacturing engineering lab.

Determination of yarn count from fabric by Beesly's balance.

 

Experiment Name: Determination of yarn count from fabric by Beesly's balance.

Objective:

i)  To Determine the yarn count from fabric.

II) To learn about basic operations of Beesl's balance.

Theory:

The count is a numerical expression which defines its fineness or coarseness. It also expresses weather the object is thick or thin. A definition is given by the textile institute – “Count is a number which indicates the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass of any object.”

Types of yarn count:

     a)    Indirect system- English, Metric, Worsted.

     b)    Direct system- Tex, Denier, Lbs/Spindle.

Indirect count: The count of yarn expresses the number of length units in one weight unit. Thus higher the count, finer the yarn. The system is generally used for cotton, worsted, linen (wet spun) etc. 

Direct count: The count of yarn expresses the no. of weight units in one length unit. Thus higher the count, coarser the yarn. The system is generally used for synthetic fibre, jute, silk etc.

Apparatus:

1. Template.

2. Beesly's balance.

3. Scissor.

Data Table:

No of Observation	Types of Sample	Warp Count	Weft Count	Average Warp Count	Average Weft Count
01	Matt Fabric	16	12
02		15	12	15.67	12.33
03		16	13

Result :  The average warp count and weft count of given sample accordingly 15.67 and 12.33

Conclusion: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Determination moisture regain of cotton by moisture regain tester.

 

Experiment Name: Determination moisture regain of cotton by moisture regain tester.

Objective:

1. To determine the moisture regain of cotton.

2. To know about working principles of moisture regain tester.

3. To know standard moisture regain of cotton.

4. To write a short report basis on this experiment.

Theory:

Moisture regain is defined as the percentage of water present in a material of woven dry weight.

the percentage of moisture in a textile material brought into equilibrium with a standard atmosphere after partial drying   as a percentage of a moisture a free- weight.

Let,

Oven dry weight = D

Weight of water = W

Moisture regain = MR

MR = 100W / D %

Standard Moisture regain: Standard moisture regain for cotton fibre is about 8.5%.

Testing condition of lab : Temperature maintain in laboratory is about 25 deg C and RH is about 74%

Data table:

No of Observation	Types of sample	M.R %	Avg M.R %
01	Cotton	8.0%	8.5%
02		8.5%
03		9.0%

Result: Average moisture regain for the cotton sample is about 8.5%.

Conclusion.>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Determination of yarn count by wrap reel and digital balance.

 

Experiment Name: Determination of yarn count by wrap reel and digital balance.

Objective:

i)  To Determine the yarn count by wrap reel and digital balance, from given sample.

II) To learn about basic operations of wrap reel  machine.

Theory:

The count is a numerical expression which defines its fineness or coarseness. It also expresses weather the object is thick or thin. A definition is given by the textile institute – “Count is a number which indicates the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass of any object.”

Types of yarn count:

     a)     Indirect system- English, Metric, Worsted.

     b)    Direct system- Tex, Denier, Lbs/Spindle.

Indirect count: The count of yarn expresses the number of length units in one weight unit. Thus higher the count, finer the yarn. The system is generally used for cotton, worsted, linen (wet spun) etc. 

Direct count: The count of yarn expresses the no. of weight units in one length unit. Thus higher the count, coarser the yarn. The system is generally used for synthetic fibre, jute, silk etc.

Equation Required:

Ne = L X w  / l  X W

Where,

            W = The weight of the sample.

             w = The unit weight of the system.

             L = The length of the sample.

             l = The unit length of the sample.

Data Table:

No of Observation	Length Of Sample In Yds	Weight Of Sample in lb	Sample count	Average Count
01	120	5.11 X 10-3	27.956
02	120	5.11 X 10-3	27.956	28.029
03	120	5.07 X 10-3	28.177

Result :  The average testing result for given sample is about 28.029Ne.

Conclusion: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Determination of Sliver hank/Count by wrap block machine.

 

Experiment Name: Determination of Sliver hank/Count by wrap block machine.

Objective:

i)  To Determine the sliver count or hank by wrap block machine, from given sample.

II) To learn about basic operations of wrap block machine.

Theory:

The count is a numerical expression which defines its fineness or coarseness. It also expresses weather the object is thick or thin. A definition is given by the textile institute – “Count is a number which indicates the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass of any object.”

Types of yarn count:

     a)     Indirect system- English, Metric, Worsted.

     b)    Direct system- Tex, Denier, Lbs/Spindle.

Indirect count: The count of yarn expresses the number of length units in one weight unit. Thus higher the count, finer the yarn. The system is generally used for cotton, worsted, linen (wet spun) etc. 

Direct count: The count of yarn expresses the no. of weight units in one length unit. Thus higher the count, coarser the yarn. The system is generally used for synthetic fibre, jute, silk etc.

Equation Required:

Ne = L X w  / l  X W

Where,

            W = The weight of the sample.

             w = The unit weight of the system.

             L = The length of the sample.

             l = The unit length of the sample.

Data Table:

No of Observation	Length Of Sample In Yds	Weight Of Sample in lb	Sample count	Average Count
01	03	0.0408	0.0875
02	03	0.0460	0.0776	0.0808
03	03	0.0462	0.0773

Result :  The average testing result for given sample is about 0.0808Ne .

Conclusion: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Determination of Roving hank/Count by wrap block machine.

 

Experiment Name: Determination of Roving hank/Count by wrap block machine.

Objective:

i)  To Determine the roving count or hank by wrap block machine, from given sample.

II) To learn about basic operations of wrap block machine.

Theory:

The count is a numerical expression which defines its fineness or coarseness. It also expresses weather the object is thick or thin. A definition is given by the textile institute – “Count is a number which indicates the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass of any object.”

Types of yarn count:

     a)     Indirect system- English, Metric, Worsted.

     b)    Direct system- Tex, Denier, Lbs/Spindle.

Indirect count: The count of yarn expresses the number of length units in one weight unit. Thus higher the count, finer the yarn. The system is generally used for cotton, worsted, linen (wet spun) etc. 

Direct count: The count of yarn expresses the no. of weight units in one length unit. Thus higher the count, coarser the yarn. The system is generally used for synthetic fibre, jute, silk etc.

Equation Required:

Ne = L X w   /   l  X W

Where,

            W = The weight of the sample.

             w = The unit weight of the system.

             L = The length of the sample.

             l = The unit length of the sample.

Data Table:

No of Observation	Length Of Sample In Yds	Weight Of Sample in lb	Sample count	Average Count
01	10	0.0114	1.044
02	10	0.01159	1.026	1.036
03	10	0.01146	1.039

Result :  The average testing result for given sample is about 1.036 Ne .

Conclusion: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Determination of relative humidity by wet and dry bulb hygrometer

 

Experiment Name:  Determination of relative humidity by wet and dry bulb hygrometer.

Objective:

i) To know about relative humidity.

II) To know about principle process of wet and dry bulb hygrometer.

III) To determinate relative humidity exists in our textile testing and quality control lab.

IV) To write a brief report according to this experiment.

Relative Humidity: Relative humidity (abbreviated RH) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapour to the equilibrium vapour pressure of water at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. It requires less water vapour to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures; more water vapour is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air.

Determination of Relative Humidity:

Result:  Average  73%

Conclusion: .....................

Difference machine of Textile Wet Processing Lab

 

Experiment Name: Difference machine of Textile Wet Processing Lab

Equipment:

•  Iron Machine.
•  Electronic Balance.
•       GSM Cutter.
•       Tri- Pot Stand.
•       Gas burner.
• Glass rod.
• Thermometer.
•       Scissor.
•       P^H paper.
•       Padding machine.
•       Drying and curing machine.
•      water measuring cylinder.
•       Glass rod.

Various Types of machine and their application:

I)  Padding Mangle: This machine consisting a pair of squeezing rollers for the treatment of fabric, Either for dye process and use well scoured, bleached fabric for dry status.

Padding MANGLE Machine

II) Dry and curing machine: This machine uses as dryer for dry the knit, woven fabrics and dyed yarn and also use as curing machine. Curing can be defined as a process addition of a finish to the textile fabric, in which material are heated for certain time to effect chemical reaction.

Dry & Curing Machine

III) Iron: It is used to press clothes by heat to remove creases.

IV) Electronic balance: Use to measure accurate measurement of weight. It can detect small amount of change of deviation.

V) GSM Cutter : GSM Cutter is circular fabric sample  cutter  use to determine accurately the GSM of Fabric.

VI) pH Paper: It use to measure the pH rate of the solution.

VII) Air compressor: Air compressor is a device that converts power into potential energy stored in pressurized air.

VIII) Thermometer: Use to measure temperature of any substance.

IX) Glass Rod: It use to mix chemicals and liquids.

X) Scissor: Use to cut fabric, paper etc.

XI) pH meter: It determine pH of any liquid substance.

XII) Measuring Cylinder:

Use to measure water or any liquid substance.

Fabric Length, Width & Thickness

 

Fabric Length, Width & Thickness

Textile Testing

Main Test for Textile Testing:

•       Checking raw materials

•       Monitoring production

•       Assessing the final product

•       Investigation of faulty material

•       Product development and research

Different Fabric Test

–      Dimensional Characteristics- A) Length, B) Width, C) Thickness

–      Threads/Inch – EPI, PPI, CPI, WPI

–      Count- Warp & Weft

–      Weight

–      Crimp%,

–      Strength

–      Shrinkage

–      Abrasion & Pilling,

–      Handle a) Stiffness, b) Drape, c) Crease Resistance & crease recovery,

–      Flame Retardancy,

–      Water repellency

Fabric Length

Fabric length is the distance from end to end, along the selvedge of a fabric.

q  ISI suggested the following 3 methods to measure the length of a fabric-

•       By using a measuring table

•       By using measuring scale

•       By using a measuring machine (Trumeter)

Fabric Length

By measuring table & scale:

1. From Full length measurement
2. From Sample length measurement

Conditioning of test samples (Standard Atmospheric Condition):

It is recommended that the fabric should be conditioned in the standard testing atmosphere at 65±2%RH and 20±2^oC(or27±2^oC,for tropical countries) temperature, in a fully relaxed state.

Trumeter

•       Measuring roller

•       Pressure roller

•       Fabric passes through between measuring and pressure roller and the length indicate on the counter.

Fabric Width

Fabric width is the distance from one selvedge to the other, measured perpendicular to the length of the fabric.

Collection of samples from fabrics:

Samples should be collected from at least three places from fabric e.g.

•       two samples from the two sides and

•       one from the middle.

Measurement of fabric width

•       In the standard method, (B.S. Hand book) it is recommended that the fabric should be exposed to a standard atmosphere for at least 24 hours before final width measurements are taken.

•        Measurements should take before and after conditioning. Then it should be watched that if there is any change in width.

•       On a piece of cloth, 10 width measurements should be made at points distributed at roughly equal distances throughout the full length of the fabric piece.

•       If full length is not used a sample length not less than 1 yard should be used and width measurement should be taken at least 3 places.

•        Then, in both cases, mean width should be calculated.

Continuous measurement of width

An apparatus is described by Jiewertz based upon a pair of photo electric cells, one at each selvedge, which scan the edges and detect changes in width. The signals are translated into cloth width and indicated on a meter or recorded on a chart. An accuracy of ±0.3 cm is claimed.

Fabric Thickness

Thickness is a parameter of a fabric which controls handle, creasing, thermal resistance, heaviness or stiffness in use and many other properties of fabric.

Principle:

•       The Principle of the measurement of fabric thickness is expressed in B.S. Hand book as follows.

•       “Essentially, the determination of the thickness of a compressible material such as a textile fabric consists of the precise measurement of the distance between two plane parallel plates when they are separated by the cloth, a known arbitrary pressure between the plates are applied and maintained. It is convenient to regard one of the plates as the pressure foot and the other as the anvil.”

Points to be considered in measuring thickness

•       The shape and size of pressure foot: A circular foot of diameter  inch is usually used. The ratio of foot diameter and cloth thickness should not be less than 5: 1.

•       Shape and size of Anvil: If a circular anvil is used it should be at least 2 inch greater in diameter than the pressure foot. Where the sample is larger than the anvil, the anvil should be surrounded with a suitable support .e.g. a smooth plane board.

•       Applied pressure: Recommended pressure is specified e.g.  0.1 lb/inch² or 10.0 lb /inch². Suitable weights may be added to pressure foot to obtain these pressures.

•       Velocity of pressure foot:The pressure foot should be lowered slowly on sample i.e. it needs slow and careful movement.

•       Time: The thickness is read from the dial of the instrument when the movement of pointer has stopped.

•       Indication of thickness:A clock type dial is usually built into a thickness tester.

Instruments for measuring fabric thickness

•       Reynolds and Branson thickness tester.

•       Heal’s thickness gauge.

•       Shirley thickness gauge.

•       Mag Ana thickness tester

Mag Ana thickness tester

•       This instrument is suitable for most of fabrics like woven fabric, knitted and layered fabric, pile fabric, unsized, heavily sized fabric, coated fabric and resin treated fabric.

•       Parts of the instrument:

•       Pressure weight

•       Weight pan

•       Indicator

•       Lifter to place the sample piece

•       Dial to indicate thickness

•       Support column

•       Pressure foot

•       Testing base

•       Base

•       Rubber bush to place on the table

Specifications of the machine:

•       Range of measurement: 0.01to10mm

•       Least count of dial gauge: 0.01 mm

•       Diameter of anvil: 56mm

•       Diameter of pressure foot: 25mm, 10mm

•       Load on the pressure foot:   i. 78.5 gm. weight

                                                                      ii.68.7 gm. weight

Procedure

•       The specimen should be conditioned at standard atmospheric condition.

•       The pressure foot is lifted with the help of the lifting lever.

•       The specimen is placed on the anvil just below the pressure foot and the pressure foot is gently lowered on to the specimen.

•       The reading of the dial gauge is noted to get the thickness of the specimen at normal load.

•       Then, the weights are placed in the top pan of the tester in an increasing order and readings are noted.

•       The above procedure is repeated for at least five locations to obtain the value of thickness of randomly distributed location over the whole of the sample.

•       Selvedges, wrinkles, folds, knots, missing ends, missing picks, float, starting marks, irregularity and some of visible defects should be avoided.

•       The mean value of all the readings of thickness is calculated and the average thickness of the sample is reported.

Use of Result of thickness test

The information obtained may be used in various ways:-

•       For checking materials against specification.

•       In the study of other fabric properties, such as thermal insulation, resilience, dimensional stability, fabric stifness, abrasion etc.

•       In the study of fabric geometry.

Why screw gauge is not use to measure fabric thickness?

Ans: As farbic is compressible material screw gauge is not use to measure fabric thickness. And that is why plane parallel plate is used to measure thickness of fabric.

FABRIC THREAD DENSITY

For woven fabric:

•       Picks per inch: The number of weft thread per inch is called picks per inch.

•       Ends per inch: The number of warp thread per inch is called ends per inch.

For knitted fabric:

•       Courses per cm:  Course is a row of loops across the width of the knitted fabric.

•       Wales per cm: Wale is a column of loops along the length of the knitted fabric.

Various types of thread counting systems and their application

i. Counting glass/Pick glass- Most widely used method. Can be used to count courses/inch and wales/inch.

ii. Traversing thread counter- Like pick glass but improved instrument where the counting pin is moved by means of a handle. Can be used to count courses/inch and wales/inch.

iii. Fabric dissection method: Most authentic and reliable method and used to count threads of fabric which are too difficult to measure by other methods.(eg. Pile ,felted fabric)

iv. Taper grating and line grating: Used in cases where (a) the test results are required in a very short period of time, (b) where a large number fabric samples are required to test in a very short period of time. (c) Where the exact test result is unimportant rather a good approximation is required. (d) Normally fashion designers use this type of instruments. 

When 1inch counting glass is not recommended?

The 1inch counting glass is not recommended when the number of threads per inch is less than 25. In such cases, a 3 inch sample could be unrevelled and the threads counted.

Identification of warp and weft of a fabric

•       i. The direction of selvedge is warp direction.

•       ii. In most cases EPI/EPCm is more than PPI/PPCm

•       iii. Normally count of warp is finer than weft

•       iv. Generally warp yarn is more twisted yarn than weft yarns.

•       v. If any yarn contains any size particle then the sized yarn is warp yarn.

•       vi. Normally stripe effect (both woven and printed) is done in the warp direction.

•       vii. Warp yarns are relatively hairy yarn.

•       viii. Warp crimp is expected to be less than weft crimp due to high warp tension on the loom.